The neural crest as a fourth germ layer and vertebrates as quadroblastic not triploblastic.
نویسنده
چکیده
Next to cells, germ layers—the fundamental embryonic cell layers from which tissues and organs form—are the most long-standing units of structural organization of the embryos of multicellular animals (metazoans). First identified in chicken embryos by Pander in 1817, the history of germ layers through the nineteenth century was one of increasing appreciation of their generality and importance:
منابع مشابه
Neural Crest
Early in the process of development, vertebrate embryos develop a fold on the neural plate [6] where the neural and epidermal ectoderms meet, called the neural crest [7]. The neural crest [7] produces neural crest cells [8] (NCCs), which become multiple different cell types and contribute to tissues and organs as an embryo develops. A few of the organs and tissues include peripheral and enteric...
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During vertebrate neurulation, the embryonic ectoderm is patterned into lineage progenitors for neural plate, neural crest, placodes and epidermis. Here, we use Xenopus laevis embryos to analyze the spatial and temporal transcriptome of distinct ectodermal domains in the course of neurulation, during the establishment of cell lineages. In order to define the transcriptome of small groups of cel...
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Neural crest cells are highly motile, yet a limited number of genes governing neural crest migration have been identified by conventional studies. To test the hypothesis that cell migration genes are likely to be conserved over large evolutionary distances and from diverse tissues, we searched for vertebrate homologs of genes important for migration of various cell types in the invertebrate nem...
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It is characteristic of the early development of the vertebrate animals that the embryo should be formed largely as a result of successive displacements of the cell population created during and after cleavage. Of these the first bring the endoderm and the mesoderm into what are effectively their definitive positions by paths that vary somewhat from one vertebrate to another. They are followed ...
متن کاملAnother key role for the cardiac neural crest in heart development.
THIS YEAR IS THE 113TH ANNIVERSARY of two publications whose relationship was not obvious initially: the observation that neural crest cells migrate away from the neural ectoderm and assume a wide variety of phenotypes (11) and the initial description of what became known as the pacemaking/conduction system of the heart (6). Both of these observations have been expanded logarithmically by advan...
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Evolution & development
دوره 2 1 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2000